Nerve conduction study

Nerve conduction study
Nerve conduction study
Purpose	evaluate the motor and sensory nerves

A nerve conduction study (NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body. These tests may be performed by medical specialists such as clinical neurophysiologists, physical therapists, physiatrists (physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians), and neurologists who subspecialize in electrodiagnostic medicine. In the United States, neurologists and physiatrists receive training in electrodiagnostic medicine (performing needle electromyography (EMG) and NCSs) as part of residency training and in some cases acquire additional expertise during a fellowship in clinical neurophysiology, electrodiagnostic medicine, or neuromuscular medicine. Outside the US, clinical neurophysiologists learn needle EMG and NCS testing.

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is a common measurement made during this test. The term NCV often is used to mean the actual test, but this may be misleading, since velocity is only one measurement in the test suite.

Purpose and Indications

Nerve conduction studies along with needle electromyography measure nerve and muscle function, and may be indicated when there is pain in the limbs, weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder. Spinal nerve injury does not cause neck, mid back pain or low back pain, and for this reason, evidence has not shown EMG or NCS to be helpful in diagnosing causes of axial lumbar pain, thoracic pain, or cervical spine pain.

Nerve conduction studies are used mainly for evaluation of paresthesias (numbness, tingling, burning) and/or weakness of the arms and legs. The type of study required is dependent in part by the symptoms presented. A physical exam and thorough history also help to direct the investigation. Some of the common disorders that can be diagnosed by nerve conduction studies are:

• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
• Guillain–Barré syndrome
• Guyon's canal syndrome
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Peroneal neuropathy
• Spinal disc herniation
• Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
• Ulnar neuropathy

Procedure

The nerve conduction study is often combined with needle electromyography. The Department of Health and Human Services Inspector General recently identified the use of NCSs without a needle electromyography at the same time a sign of questionable billing.

The nerve conduction study consists of the following components

Technique

1. Electrode Placement: Surface electrodes are strategically placed on the skin over the nerve being tested and on a muscle it supplies or further along the path of that same nerve. These electrodes serve to record the nerve's electrical response and are referred to as surface recording electrodes. A ground electrode is then placed on the limb being studied between the recording electrodes and the mapped areas of stimulation from the stimulation electrode. To decrease outside electrical interference and improve the quality of the recording, gel is usually placed between the electrode and the skin and, depending on the type of electrode used, the electrodes may be held in position with medical tape.
2. Stimulation: An electrical impulse is administered to the targeted nerve via the stimulating electrode, resulting in a "propagated nerve action potential (NAP)". These electrical stimulation may be slight painful for the patient, so practitioners should warn patient's ahead of time.
3. Recording: The NAP is then detected and recorded by the surface recording electrode placed distally either along the same nerve pathway and through a compound muscle action potential (CMAP) produced by "activation of muscle fibers" in the "target muscle supplied by the nerve." The time taken for the NAP to travel from the stimulation point through the "fastest axons" to cause a CMAP in the targeted muscle and the "size of the response" is recorded.

Types of Studies

• Motor NCS
• Sensory NCS
• F wave study
• H-reflex study

Motor NCS

Motor NCS are obtained by stimulating a nerve containing motor fibers and recording at the belly of a muscle innervated by that nerve. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) is the resulting response, and depends on the motor axons transmitting the action potential, status of the neuromuscular junction, and muscle fibers. The CMAP amplitudes, motor onset latencies, and conduction velocities are routinely assessed and analyzed. As with sensory NCS, conduction velocity is calculated by dividing distance by time. In this case, however, the distance between two stimulation sites is divided by the difference in onset latencies of those two sites, providing the conduction velocity in the segment of nerve between the two stimulation sites. This method of calculating conduction velocity thereby avoids being confounded by time spent traversing the neuromuscular junction and triggering a muscle action potential (since these are subtracted out).

Sensory NCS

Sensory NCS are performed by electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve while recording the transmitted potential at a different site along the same nerve. Three main measures can be obtained: sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude, sensory latency, and conduction velocity. The SNAP amplitude (in microvolts) represents a measure of the number of axons conducting between the stimulation site and the recording site. Sensory latency (in milliseconds) is the time that it takes for the action potential to travel between the stimulation site and the recording site of the nerve. The conduction velocity is measured in meters per second and is obtained dividing the distance between stimulation site and the recording site by the latency: Conduction velocity = Distance/Latency

Sensory NCS: An example screenshot showing the results of a sensory nerve conduction velocity study of the right median nerve.

F-wave study

F-wave study uses supramaximal stimulation of a motor nerve and recording of action potentials from a muscle supplied by the nerve. This is not a reflex, per se, in that the action potential travels from the site of the stimulating electrode in the limb to the spinal cord's ventral horn and back to the limb in the same nerve that was stimulated. The F-wave latency can be used to derive the conduction velocity of nerve between the limb and spine, whereas the motor and sensory nerve conduction studies evaluate conduction in the segment of the limb. F waves vary in latency and an abnormal variance is called "chrono dispersion". Conduction velocity is derived by measuring the limb length, D, in millimeters from the stimulation site to the corresponding spinal segment (C7 spinous process to wrist crease for median nerve). This is multiplied by 2 as it goes to the cord and returns to the muscle (2D). 2D is divided by the latency difference between mean F and M and 1 millisecond subtracted (F-M-1). The formula is ${\frac {2D}{F-M-1}}$.

H-reflex study

H-reflex study uses stimulation of a nerve and recording the reflex electrical discharge from a muscle in the limb. This also evaluates conduction between the limb and the spinal cord, but in this case, the afferent impulses (those going toward the spinal cord) are in sensory nerves while the efferent impulses (those coming from the spinal cord) are in motor nerves. This process cannot be changed.

Specialized testing

Repetitive nerve stimulation

Main article: Repetitive nerve stimulation

Interpretation

The interpretation of nerve conduction studies is complex and requires the expertise of health care practitioners such as clinical neurophysiologists, medical neurologists, physical therapists, or physiatrists. In general, different pathological processes result in changes in latencies, motor, and/or sensory amplitudes, or slowing of the conduction velocities to differing degrees. For example, slowing of the NCV usually indicates there is damage to the myelin. Another example, slowing across the wrist for the motor and sensory latencies of the median nerve indicates focal compression of the median nerve at the wrist, called carpal tunnel syndrome. On the other hand, slowing of all nerve conductions in more than one limb indicates generalized diseased nerves, or generalized peripheral neuropathy. People with diabetes mellitus often develop generalized peripheral neuropathy.

Patient Risk and Complications

Nerve conduction studies are very helpful to diagnose certain diseases of the nerves of the body. The test is not invasive, but can be painful due to the electrical shocks administered during the test. The shocks are associated with a low amount of electric current so pose minimal risk to the patients, but there is technically the risk of "bodily injury from electrical shock". There is limited risk and complications studied in regards to NCS and thus no published absolute contraindications. However, relative risks should be considered based on patient history and physical. Of particular note are implanted electrical devices such as cardiac pacemakers or defibrillators or other implanted stimulators such as deep brain stimulators or spinal cord stimulators. Theoretically, delivering electricity through the body may effect systems in the body that depend on electrical like signals such as the heart and brain. Patients are encouraged to tell the examiner prior to the study if they have such devices, but their existence in the patient does not prevent them having the study performed. Below are listed some special precautions and considerations, when it comes to these devices and pregnancy.

Cardiovascular Devices

Current literature and studies lack sufficient evidence to indicate that electrodiagnostic studies, such as NCS, "pose a safety hazard" to patient's with cardiac pacemakers and implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). However, there exist the "theoretical concern that electrical impulses of nerve conduction studies " could be pick up by sensory mechanism with the devices. This could result in causing the device to malfunction, stop working, or alter the programming. The American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine has stated that despite these concerns, "no immediate or delayed adverse effects have been reported with routine NCS." There are some general rules to avoid possible interference listed below.

Technique Considerations

• "15 cm (6 inches) separation" is recommended "between the stimulator and any wires, intravenous (IV lines) or catheters."
• "Stimulating the brachial plexus on the same side as a pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator" should be avoided or with "extreme caution if it is necessary" to do.
• "Electrodes should not be placed in a manner where they read a response across the heart"
• While performing NCS of the neck, avoid the locations of "carotid sinus and vagus nerve" as "stimulating these could affect the rhythm of the heart."

Contraindications

• Patient's who have an external cardiac pacemaker. External cardiac pacemakers, particularly the external pacing wires, "can be electrically sensitive to NCS stimulations" and "present a serious potential hazard of electrical injury to the heart."
• Patient's who have a central venous catheter. They pose a possible "risk of generating a stimulus to the heart." It has been studied and thus determined that "peripheral IV lines are not considered to be problematic"

Deep Brain Stimulators

Due to the typical lead placement of deep brain stimulators from the "subclavicular area to the lateral posterior neck" and then to the "occipital area", there is a "theoretical risk of introducing electrical current through the leads" which could transmit "directly into the brain" and through the cervical nerve roots. The safety of performing NCS on patients with a DBS devices has not been studied. Physicians should weigh and the risk and benefits of a NCS in these patients on a case-by-case basis.

Pregnancy

The American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine has stated that there is "no known contraindications" that "exist from performing needle EMG or NCS on pregnant patients." There has been no reported instances of any complications from the procedure or associated problems when "performed during pregnancy" in the current literature.

See also

• Bioelectronics
• Cable theory
• Biological neuron models

External links

• EMG & Nerve Conduction Education & Resources
• Association of EMG technologists of Canada
• American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine
• American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine
• Details of NCV from National Institutes of Health
• WebMD summary of EMG and NCS
• American Association of Sensory Electrodiagnostic Medicine